Negotiable Instrument and Secured Transactions

CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What is a note and who are the parties to a note?  © 2011 HOCK international 91 A note is a written promise to pay money. Notes are different from drafts in that notes are a promise to pay. If there is any doubt whether a document is a note or a draft, the holder of the document can decide what it is. There are two parties involved in a note. 1) The Issuer (Maker) is the promisor. This is the party who is obligated to pay the note. 2) The Payee is the person to whom the note is owed. The Payee will receive the money paid by the Issuer. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What is a draft and who are the parties to a draft?  © 2011 HOCK international 92 A draft is a written order to pay money. In a draft, one party orders another party to pay money to yet a third party. If there is any doubt whether a document is a note or a draft, the holder of the document can decide what it is. There are three parties involved in a note: 1) The Drawer – The drawer writes and signs the note, 2) The Drawee (usually a bank) – The drawee is ordered by the drawer to pay the Payee, and 3) The Payee – The payee will receive the money from the drawee. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the common types of notes and drafts?  © 2011 HOCK international 93 The main types of notes are: 1) certificate of deposit (a bank promissory note); 2) time note (payable at a specific time in the future); 3) demand note (payable when it is presented to the issuer); and 4) installment note (the principal is payable over time). The main types of drafts are: 1) checks (written on a bank and payable on demand, requiring the drawee to be a bank); 2) cashier’s checks (a check that is drawn by a bank on itself); 3) trade acceptances (a seller of goods writes a draft ordering the buyer to pay at a future time); 4) sight drafts (a draft payable when it is delivered); and 5) time drafts (a draft payable with a certain period of time). CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the five elements of negotiability?  © 2011 HOCK international 94 In order for an instrument to be negotiable, it must have the following five elements: 1) It must be in writing and signed by the issuer. 2) There must be a sum certain. 3) There must be an unconditional promise or order to pay. 4) It must be payable upon demand or at a specific time. 5) It must be payable either to order or to bearer. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the requirements for the writing and signature?  © 2011 HOCK international 95 A negotiable instrument cannot be an oral communication – it must be written. However, there is no requirement that the writing be on a piece of paper (the writing may be on other items).Additionally, the instrument must be signed by the issuer, or drawer, to be considered negotiable. The use of any symbol executed or adopted by a party with a present intention to authenticate a writing is sufficient to meet the definition of signed. Thus, a signature can be made manually or by means of a device or a machine, and it can use any name (including a trade or business name) so long as the signatory intends to authenticate the writing. The signature can also be a sign or symbol different from the person’s name. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured TransactionsWhat are the exceptions to a sum certain?  © 2011 HOCK international 96Though these items appear to contradict the sum certain requirement, the following items do not destroy the negotiability of a note:1) A disparity between the words and numbers on an instrument (in this case the written words are used, not the numbers);2) A provision for collection costs (including attorneys’ fees in the event of the debtor’s default);3) A reference to an exchange rate; and4) Variable interest rate provisions. However, the instrument must be payable only and completely in money. Thus, a note fails the negotiability est if the note specifies that it is payable in money and/or personal services or goods. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What does unconditional mean for a negotiable instrument?  © 2011 HOCK international 97The instrument must be a simple unconditional promise (in the case of notes) or a simple unconditional order (in the case of drafts). Thus, an instrument must be a courier without luggage. This means that the promise or order must not be contingent on some other event happening. If, for example, an instrument says, â€Å"I promise to p ay, contingent upon satisfactory completion of the terms of he contract signed today†¦,† then the note is not negotiable because it is conditional. However, if instead the instrument says, â€Å"As per the contract signed today, I promise to pay†¦,† then this instrument is negotiable because it only makes reference to an underlying contract. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What types of conditions may exist in a negotiable instrument without destroying its negotiability?  © 2011 HOCK international 98 There are, certain conditions that may exist in the instrument without destroying the negotiability of the instrument:1) A promise or order is not made conditional if it makes eference to another writing for the statement of rights with respect to collateral, a prepayment clause, or an acceleration clause or because payment is limited to a particular source.2) Acceleration clauses enable the creditor to collect more quickly should the debtor not make timely payment. These are permitted because they minimize the burden on creditors and courts.3) If a promise or order requires countersignature by persons whose signature appears on the promise or order, as condition of payment, this condition does not make the promise or order conditional. This instrument would continue to be negotiable.The key point regarding negotiability for these types of clauses is whether the amount or certainty of payment is not changed by this clause. If no change will occur, negotiability is not impacted. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the requirements for the time of payment?  © 2011 HOCK international 99Since the holder of the instrument must be able to determine when it comes due, the instrument must be payable on demand or at a definite time. The time does not need to be a specific date in the future as long as there is reference in the instrument that enables the time o be determined. Desp ite the fact that there needs to be a date of payment, there is no requirement that an instrument be dated. Undated instruments are negotiable and are treated as payable on demand by the holder. Instruments may also be antedated (backdated) or postdated. An instrument payable on demand is not payable before the date that is written on its face. It is also possible for the time period for payment to be extended without destroying the negotiability of the instrument. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions To whom must a negotiable instrument be payable? 2011 HOCK international 100In order to be negotiable, the instrument must contain the words of negotiability: â€Å"payable to bearer† or â€Å"payable to order. †1) An instrument is payable to bearer if it:a) states that it is â€Å"payable to the bearer† or to â€Å"the order of the bearer†;b) does not state a payee; orc) is payable to the â€Å"order of cash† or is not payab le to an identified person. An instrument payable to bearer allows whoever holds the instrument to exercise the instrument’s rights without indorsement by the maker of the instrument.2) An instrument payable to order specifies the person o whom payment should be made. Because there is a named payee, until the named person makes a transfer of his rights by indorsing the instrument, the instrument cannot be redeemed for value and cannot be readily transferred to a new holder. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions List and define the three stages in the life of a negotiable instrument.  © 2011 HOCK international 101There are three stages in a negotiable instrument’s life:1) Issuance: when the instrument is created and transferred to the first holder, The issuance of the instrument is not a negotiation. 2) Transfer: when the instrument is transferred from one holder to another3) Presentment: when the instrument is presented for payment and after payment is made ceases to exist as an instrument. Transfer and presentment of an instrument may constitute a negotiation. Physical transfer of the instrument gives to the transferee (recipient) whatever right the transferor (giver) had in instrument. If the transferee becomes a â€Å"holder† of the instrument, then the transfer is called â€Å"negotiation. † The way that an instrument is transferred depends on whether the instrument is payable to bearer or to order. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions How may order and bearer instruments be transferred?  © 2011 HOCK international 102Transfer of Bearer Paper – If an instrument is made out to bearer, the person who physically possesses the instrument is the holder. Since the holder is determined by physical possession alone, a bearer instrument may be transferred simply by giving the instrument to another person. The indorsement (signature) of the previous holder is not required to neg otiate bearer paper. Transfer of Order Paper – If the instrument is payable o the order of someone, then the identified person is the bearer once he or she has the negotiable instrument in his possession. However, the negotiation of order paper to another person requires the indorsement by the named party. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are blank and special indorsements?  © 2011 HOCK international 103Blank indorsement is when the payee simply signs his or her name to the back of the instrument. A blank indorsement automatically converts an order instrument to a bearer instrument. However, the holder of an instrument with a blank indorsement can convert the nstrument to order paper by writing a new payee above the blank indorsement. With a special indorsement, if the payee wishes to preserve the order character of the instrument, then the payee may specify a new payee. After this first special indorsement, the signature of the new payee is required for further negotiation of the instrument. If a special indorsement is placed on bearer paper, the special indorsement makes it order paper. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are restrictive and qualified indorsements?  © 2011 HOCK international 104Restrictive indorsement: when the payee adds a condition to the payment of the instrument. Negotiation and further transfer of the instrument are not impaired. Examples are a restriction â€Å"for deposit only,† or for â€Å"payment after the completion of X. † Banks may ignore all restrictive indorsements except those made by the immediate transferor. Qualified indorsement: payee signs his name and adds â€Å"without recourse. † Without this statement added to an indorsement, the signatory guarantees payment: if the original parties do not pay, the signatory will. To avoid this liability, the signatory indorses the check with the words without recourse. † A qualif ied indorsement does not destroy the negotiability of the instrument and does not prevent its transfer. Instead a qualified indorsement makes it order paper. As a result, it must be indorsed before it can be negotiated. A qualified indorsement eliminates the indorser’s contract liability (guarantee of payment), but not his warranty liability. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What happens if a negotiable instrument presented for payment is rejected by the payor?  © 2011 HOCK international 105If a payor does not agree to make payment or to accept n instrument that has been presented to them, then the payor has dishonored the instrument. This refusal to make payment gives the instrument holder the right of recourse against the parties with secondary liability. In some cases this process of dishonoring an instrument can be done orally. In other cases written documentation, including a notice of dishonor, is necessary in order to establish legally t he secondary liability against other parties to the instrument such as the indorser. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What party has primary liability for a negotiable instrument? 2011 HOCK international 106Primary liability is the liability of makers and acceptors (and sometimes accommodation parties, too). Primary liability means that the maker or acceptor is obligated to pay the instrument before any other party. 1) Maker. This is the party who is obligated to pay a promissory note (not a check – the person who writes a check is called the drawer, below) according to the terms that existed at the time of issuance. 2) Acceptor. The drawee (the bank) has no liability for payment until he accepts the draft. Once the drawee accepts the draft (by signing it), he becomes n acceptor and agrees to pay the draft as presented. Thus, if the acceptor signs an incomplete draft (for example, the amount is blank), he is liable for any unauthorized amount lat er filled in. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions Who has secondary liability for a negotiable instrument?  © 2011 HOCK international 107Secondary liability is the liability that drawers and indorsers have for the instrument. Drawers and indorsers are required to pay for the instrument only if the party with primary liability fails to pay. 1) A Drawer’s Liability. The drawer is the person who rote the draft and in so doing ordered another party (usually a bank) to make payment. The drawer does not expressly promise to pay the instrument himself or herself, but implicitly guarantees payment by virtue of using the drawee as a payment agent. In the event that the drawee refuses to pay a draft, the drawer is obligated to pay so long as the drawer is notified of the drawee’s dishonor of the draft. 2) An Indorser’s Liability. An indorser is someone other than the maker, drawer or acceptor who signs the instrument to negotiate it, restrict it or just to incur liability. The indorser’s signature is called an â€Å"indorsement. An indorser’s liability is created once an instrument has been dishonored and the indorser has been notified of the dishonor. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the 5 warranties that a transferor makes in respect to the negotiable instrument that is being transferred?  © 2011 HOCK international 108Warranty liability relates to the warranties (promises, or guarantees) that are made by a transferor in respect to the instrument that is being transferred. The transferor warrants that: 1) Good title to the instrument exists and the instrument is enforceable (it is their instrument to transfer). ) All signatures are authorized and genuine (meaning that there are no forgeries). 3) There are no material alterations (for example, the dollar amount has not been increased). 4) The transferor has no knowledge of any insolvency proceedings associated with the instrument. 5) There are no defenses that can be asserted against the transferor that would prevent payment of the instrument. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions To which parties are warranties made by a transferor of a negotiable instrument?  © 2011 HOCK international 109The parties to whom warranty liability is incurred depend n how the instrument is transferred: 1) Transfer with Indorsement. When the transferor signs the instrument, he or she incurs warranty liability with respect to the immediate transferee and all subsequent (following) transferees. 2) Transfer without Indorsement. If the transfer is made without the indorsement of the transferor, the transferor incurs warranty liability only with respect to the immediate transferee (recipient). Therefore, it is better for the transferor to transfer without indorsement if that is possible. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are accommodation parties nd what type of liability do they have?  © 2011 HOCK international 110An accommodation party is a party who signs an instrument as maker, drawer, acceptor or indorser with the deliberate purpose of backing the obligation of another party (the accommodated party). Thus, the accommodation party incurs liability without being a direct beneficiary of the instrument (this is true even if the accommodation party acts as a paid surety; the key is that someone else gets a direct benefit of value given for an instrument). Accommodation parties incur no warranty liability, but they do incur secondary contract liability just like rawers and indorsers. Additionally, an accommodation party has primary contract liability if he or she signs on behalf of a note’s maker. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions How may liability on an instrument be terminated?  © 2011 HOCK international 111A person who is liable for an instrument can be discharged of some or all of the liabiliti es through: 1) Discharge by Performance (payment of the instrument). 2) Discharge by Mere Tender of Payment. The party who offers payment to the holder is discharged from any future liability for collection costs, interest and attorneys’ fees. ) Discharge by Cancellation or Renunciation. 4) Discharge by Material Alteration. If the amount of an instrument is changed fraudulently, this discharges all previous signatories. 5) Certification of a Check by a Bank. This discharges all prior parties to the instrument as the bank becomes primarily liable for the check. 6) Unexcused Delay in Payment. With unreasonable delay in the presentation of the instrument, previous signatories may be discharged. 7) Discharge Through Release of the Collateral. When collateral is released, the original promisor is also released. CPA RegulationNegotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the four requirements to be a holder in due course and what are the benefits?  © 2011 HOCK internat ional 112 A holder in due course (HDC) has special status. This status protects an innocent third party (the HDC) from losing his or her investment in a negotiable instrument due to some underlying problem with the instrument. There are four requirements that must be met for a holder to be an HDC: 1) Holder. The individual must be a holder of a negotiable instrument. 2) Value Given. The holder must have given present or past value (not future value) for the instrument. ) Good Faith. The holder must have acted in good faith in the acquisition of the instrument. 4) No Notice of Defect. The holder must take the instrument without notice that the instrument is overdue, has been dishonored, or has been forged. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What is a holder under a holder in due course and what are the benefits of this status?  © 2011 HOCK international 113The transfer of a negotiable instrument gives to the recipient (the transferee) any rights the tran sferor had to enforce the instrument. This includes the rights as an HDC. This means that when an HDC transfers the instrument to someone else, that recipient automatically has all of the same rights as an HDC. If the recipient meets the requirements as an HDC, they will be an HDC. If, however, the recipient does not meet the HDC requirements (perhaps they received the instrument as a gift), they will be a Holder Under Holder in Due Course (HUHDC) if the transferor was an HDC. This means that it is possible for a person who would not be an HDC (perhaps because he or she knew about some defect or the instrument was overdue) to be an HDC simply because the person from whom they obtained the nstrument was an HDC. This is the case regardless of whether the transfer is a negotiation or a gift. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the real defenses?  © 2011 HOCK international 114When an HDC makes a claim to force payment, the only defenses that the per son can use to prevent having to make payment to the HDC are real defenses. Real defenses concern the validity of the instrument itself. By using a real defense, the defendant (who tries not to pay) claims that the instrument was never actually an instrument and they never had a liability to that person. They include: ) Infancy. 2) Duress. 3) Incapacity. 4) Illegality. 5) Discharge in Bankruptcy. 6) Fraud in the Execution. 7) Forgery. 8) Alteration. 9) Subsequent Claims and Defenses. CPA Regulation Negotiable Instruments and Secured Transactions What are the personal defenses?  © 2011 HOCK international 115 All other defenses, other than real defenses, are personal defenses. Examples of personal defenses are: 1) Fraud in the inducement; 2) Lack of consideration; 3) Breach of contract; and 4) Mistakes. Personal defenses are ineffective against HDCs. This means that these defenses will not prevent someone from having to pay the HDC.

Health Status of African American Men Essay

Introduction Research and technological advancement made in the United Stated of America (USA) has led to the improvement of health outcomes among the citizens of this country. People are living longer, cures are being developed daily, and many unanswered health questions are being answered then ever before. However, despite this multitude of improvement in the health status of Americans, African American men are disproportionately affected by health inequalities as compared to their Caucasian men. This paper will identify a minority group and offer relevant information of the factors that preclude minorities from quality health care, with noted barriers and interventions that will lead to improved health care and achieve the goal of quality life styles for not just one culture of people, but all people in the United States. Identifying Health disparities in African American Men African American men have the highest mortality rates and the lowest life expectancy rates among women and men in all of the racial and ethnic groups in America. The mortality rate for African American men is about 1.3 times that of White men. Life expectancy for African American men is 70 years old compared to White males living to age 76 (Xanthos, 1998). The death rate for blacks are 3 times higher than whites, due to the social and economic conditions of poverty, unemployment, stress, education, neighborhoods and their disproportionate risk for disease (Net wellness, 2014). African American men die 2.5 times more than White men from prostate cancer; African American men are 8 times more likely to die from HIV; African American men are 2 times more  likely to develop heart disease and 3 times more likely to develop hypertension (Men’s Health). When compared to White men, African American men development diseases earlier, suffer from more severe diseases, and have less acce ss to medical care. The most disturbing fact to access to care is that White men are more likely to receive state of the art treatment than African American men. The exploitation of race and gender has been rooted in class status. This widespread behavior has been seen since the founding of this nation. Class has been used as a way to Indirectly suppress the poor in all sectors of life. It is the ways in which access to a variety of social goods such as the employment, housing, power; education and income are distributed in this country. Many of the questions and issues regarding this have been and continue to adversely affect the health of African American men. Having the understanding that there are barriers that are difficult to address in any one health promotion, and being able to rethink how these barriers function in the lives of African American men, will result in likely success in promoting quality healthcare. How is Health promotion defined by this group? Life style plays a major role in the prevalence of chronic disease. Given the factors that impact racial discrimination concerning the health care of African American men, we can start by promoting policies which address all racial discrimination. We must strengthen anti-discrimination legislation that addresses unemployment. We reform and improve the interaction with African American male students, by increasing funding to the African American communities, which would lead to having more marketable African American men in the work force. We must also address the racial biases in the criminal system, reducing the number of African American in our jails. If we use the landmark law, the Affordable Care Act (ACA), we will enable over 30 million people with much needed health insurance coverage. With the provisions of the ACA not only will health insurance coverage be accessible, but provisions related to disparities be reduced, data collection and reporting will be more effective and inclusive of quality improvement and prevention. This act will promote prevention and wellness  programs, giving all people more control over their health care (Sebelius, 2011). According to the Healthy People 2020, one of the goals is to â€Å"achieve health equity, eliminate disparities and improve the health of all groups.† By tracking death rates, acute and chronic diseases, injuries and all health related behaviors, this will assist health care providers become more proficient in diagnosing and providing treatment in the areas of cardiovascular disease, cancer, HIV and diabetes while being culturally competent (Healthy People, 2020). Our local, regional, and national organizations must take an action role in providing guidelines to develop comprehensive health care interventions that are designed for people of all cultures (Argondezzi, 2001). The successful strengthening of infrastructures to prioritize the challenges of reducing health disparities of African American men will achieve the much needed sources to eliminate unequal treatment. Exponents for social justice and equality have continued to disseminate information on the importance of addressing this problem. Many professional organizations, governmental and non- governmental bodies such as WHO and Public Health Organizations as well as individuals like Paul Farmer and Barbara Ehrenreich have been active on the forefront either directly or indirectly in advocating for social justice. Given the multi-faceted nature of the problem Barbara Ehrenreich a writer by profession and PhD by education, conducted an experimental study on class in the United States of America by self experiencing the reality of living as a lower class citizen with a lower and unskilled paying job in her book entitled; Nickel and Dime (Ehrenreich, 2008). Nickel and Dime is a non fictitious writing that depicts the social class of America. Barbara Ehrenreich, is a reporter and a writer who decided to experiment on how unskilled low wage workers are able to live on their minimum wages. To experiment the effects of living as a lower class citizen in this country, she decided to live in three different states month by month while living on just what she made as an unskilled worker. Her decision first took her to Key West, Florida, where she begun working as a waitress in a restaurant. She was able to find an affordable living accommodation in a trailer on the outskirt of the city. Acknowledging that one job could not pay her living expenses, she sought a  second job as a hotel maid. The physical demands of both jobs resulted in Barbara leaving her second job. She was unable to complete the whole month before moving to Portland to continue her next experiment (Ehrenreich, 2008) . In Portland, she found a job as a maid with a residential housekeeping service. There she also took a second job as a dietary aide in a nursing home in order to meet her monthly living  expenses. She was indirectly forced to work seven days a week to meet the need of paying her monthly rent, food and clothing. She became an advocate for her co-workers while working as a maid, even though, she was able to win a day off for one of her co-workers who had sustained an injury at the job but afraid of losing her job kept working while injured (Ehrenreich, 2008) . Barbara’s final destination on her experiment was in Minneapolis, Minnesota where she was hired to work at a Wal-Mart store, putting clothes on shelves. In Minnesota she was not able to afford an expensive apartment due to her salary. The apartment vacancy rate in Minneapolis was so low that she had to stay in motels until she completed her experiment. Barbara had advocated for the lower class through her book, regarding the experience that lower class citizens go through in terms of self esteem, housing, education and power. She highlighted the deplorably conditions and humiliation that they face each day at work. She summarized some of the reasons why wages are kept low, the rationale for the humiliation, the yelling on and the psychological derailment of their self esteem that keeps them in a lower salary while the upper class reap off all the benefits from their hard labor in an exchange for coffee and donuts at times instead of a pay raise (Ehrenreich, 2008). There is a direct correlation between lower class and poor health. Conclusion Health disparities are often measured in terms of income, education, wealth, politics or influence and occupation. The combination of these factors including race and gender often determine our social worth. The experiment of Barbara Ehrenreich is a great example of discrimination, disparity, and she was a woman. African American men experience much more and receive much less. Looking at different cultures is not new to nurses, even Florence Nightingale analyzed her population to determine the care and services that were needed. Understanding and influencing culture, economics, the physical environments of our patient’s health practices, while assisting them to access to care will lead to promising outcomes (Jones, 2014). As quoted by Kathleen G. Sebelius, Secretary of Health and Human Services, â€Å"It is time to refocus, reinforce, and repeat the message that health disparities exist and that health equity benefits everyone.† References Argondezzi, Theresa (2001). The Many Faces of Health Care: Disparities in Minority Health. Retrieved November 13, 2014 from http://www.nursing.advanceweb.com/Article The -Many –Faces-of-Health-Care-Disparities –Minority. Barbara Ehrenreich (1999). Nickel and Dimed. Retrieved November 14, 2014 from http:// www.wesjones.com/ehrenreich.htm. Health and Human Services. A Nation Free of Disparities in Health and Health Care. Retrieved November 13, 2014. http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/files/Plans/HHS/HHS_Plan. Jones, Linda (2014). Letting Data Lead the Way. Retrieved November 14, 2014 from http:// www.nursing.advanceweb.com/Archieves/Article-Archive/Letting-Data-Lead-the-Way. Men’s Health Consulting. African American Men Experience Disproportionate Risk for Disease and Death. Retrieved November 15, 2014 from http://www.menshealth.org/code/ afroamer.html. Sebelius, Kathleen. Secretary, Health and Human Services

Progressive Discipline †Employee/Labor Relations Essay

Discipline within the workplace is and has been a controversial subject. With so much at stake, employers and employees have different opinions on types of discipline and the effectiveness of these processes. One largely debated form of workplace discipline is progressive discipline. Should employees be encouraged to rehabilitate in the workplace? Should management be protected against legal action if they are to terminate an employee for unacceptable performance or behavior? There are many different situation and answers to these questions. Progressive discipline has become standard in unionized environments, and is becoming more common in other settings, such as government, hospitals, and high-school classrooms. ((Pinker, S, 2010) Progressive discipline is practice of establishing a series of steps of escalating seriousness and cumulating in the major (termination). (Dad, D., 2011) Within these boundaries lie other steps that are used with progressive discipline. These steps usuall y include a verbal warning, a written warning with increasing punishment, and a suspension-most likely without pay. The idea of this type of discipline is to give the employee ample opportunity to turn problems around. (Dad, D. 2011) Discipline within the workplace can take place for a number of reasons, and there are times where discipline is appropriate and inappropriate for certain wrongdoing. Infractions of company policy, tardiness, misbehavior, and other misdemeanors are examples of where the use of progressive discipline can be justified. There also may be instances where discipline is not appropriate; arbitrators have drawn a distinction between voluntary and involuntary unacceptable behavior on part of the employee. (Eden, G., 1992) If an employee’s infraction is due to a lack of their personal skills or knowledge, other forms of discipline can be recommended. Also, if the behavior is so serious that it is grounds for immediate dismissal, progressive discipline may not be required. A progressive disciplinary approach combines the concept of stiffer penalties for more serious violations with that of increasingly more serious penalties for recidivism. (Billikopf, G., 2006) When applying a progressive disciplinary approach, there are rules that should be followed to be sure the steps are applied and the treatment is fair. The first thing a manager should consider is that communication is key. There needs to be sure that there is certain understanding between the person applying the rules and the person who is subject to them. The manager should explain the infraction and follow it with a clear statement of the expected behavior. Also, there should be justification of what the next step in the process will be as far as discipline if the violation is repeated. Managers can use the seven steps of just cause to be sure a proposed disciplinary action if firmly and fairly grounded. (Seven Steps of Just Cause, 2007) The University of Iowa lists these steps as: Notice, Re asonable Rules and Orders, Investigation, Fair Investigation, Proof, Equal Treatment, and Penalty. An employee must be able to easily access the rules and regulation of conduct that is expected of them and they should also be periodically reminded of them. Sometimes, this can result in a need for re-orientation, sign copies of receipts of the Employee Handbook, and/or coaching from management. Training is a better approach than taking punitive steps. One reason is that Courts expect employers to â€Å"meet people halfway†. Offering employees ways to improve via training not only helps them to correct the problem, but it also shows that the company is a responsible employer that is willing to rehabilitate. (Falcone, P., 2000) Notice is the first and one of the most important steps of progressive discipline. If an employee is not clear on what is expected, how can they be required to produce the optimal results? Management will need to be certain that they are applying reasonable rules and orders. They should check with the collective bargaining units to make sure they are not in violation of any agreements. Also, they want to make sure they apply these rules consistently and make sure they are related to the necessity of the business. (The Seven Steps of Just Cause, 2007) When a manager deems that a behavior in unacceptable or inappropriate, they should conduct an investigation. This can give the manager time to express their concerns and also give the employee time to respond. Sometimes, an employee may not be aware that their behavior is unacceptable or their performance is not meeting expectations. The investigation can ease the process. It gives the manager time to explain the concerns and give the employee a specific time frame to deliver results. Having an unbiased investigation can sometimes correct an issue before other or any disciplinary actions are needed. Once the employee is aware of the undesirable behavior, the manager can then start to consider all evidence, p ro and con, and continue to conduct a thorough investigation. Investigations should be timely and occur before discipline is imposed. (Seven Steps, 2007) Also, an employee has a right to have union representation or to have another employee present during the investigation. The manager needs to be sure that they make the employee aware of this. In the United States, such an opportunity to request the presence of a co-worker is based on the Weingarten case. The National Labor Relation Board (NLRB) has determined that an employee’s request for a co-worker to be present involves protected concerted activity, and thus should be extended to all employees, even those not covered by a collective bargaining unit. (Billikopf, G., 2006) When disciplinary action is to be imposed on an employee, there needs to be substantial proof that a violation was committed; the more serious the infraction, the larger the burden of proof. When an employee is accused of improper behavior that could lead to dismissal, embarrassment, or criminal prosecution, a fals e accusation could put the manager in a bad position. If someone will be disciplined or terminated for dishonesty, theft, sexual harassment, assault, threats of violence, or working under the conditions of drugs or alcohol, management needs to be certain of the employees’ guilt. (Billikopf, G., 2006) The company and manager need to be aware of the policies and be sure that they are exercising equal treatment of employees when applying progressive discipline. The rules need to be applied even-handedly, justly, and without discrimination. (Seven Steps, 2007) Although there are not many instances where the violations of one employee are identical to another’s, management must take into consideration the severity of the infraction, the previous history of the employee, the employees’ attitude, and the mitigating circumstances. (Billikopf, G., 2006) Sometimes managers can find it easier to apply rules evenly if they discuss the instances with each other. Privacy should remain a main concern when discussing and manager sh ould use concealment and modification when communicating about employees. The last of the seven steps of just cause is the application of penalty. Penalties must remain fair, not arbitrary or capricious or based on emotion. (Seven Steps, 2007) When deciding on a penalty to implement, there should be a few factors taken into consideration. The use of progressive discipline includes the increased severity of recurring actions, so the prior use of this type of discipline on the employee should play a large factor in how a penalty is applied. The person applying the rules should be aware of the employee’s length of service and prior infractions and factor those into their considerations. A study done by Janice Beyer of State University of New York at Buffalo and Harrison Trice of Cornell University stated: Data from two samples of supervisors in a large corporation show that (1) supervisors used discipline primarily as a response to certain behaviors and when the work context was supportive of its use; and (2) use of discipline had small but significant effects on the subsequent work performance of target employees. The study took into account different dependant and independent variables such as employee age, characteristics, social settings, supervisor age, education, and ideologies. The results showed that most supervisors in the samples used some form of discipline to deal with employees they considered difficult. Over 95 percent had at least one informal discussion with the problem employees. The great majority-76 percent- used both constructive and confrontive topics in these discussions. (Beyer, J. M., & Trice, H. M., 1984) Written warnings were used in 49 percent of cases. Even suspensions without pay were used quite frequently; 27 percent of these problem employees had been suspended, for an average of about 4 days. Discharge was used with only 3 percent of the cases, but another 7 percent of these employees left the company. Clearly, despite the strong international unions that represented most of these employees in these companies, it is possible to get rid of some disruptive employees. (Beyer, J. M., & Trice, H. M., 1984) WORKS CITED Anonymous. (2005, May 11). WRONGFUL DISMISSAL: Progressive discipline needed to terminate for cumulative misconduct. Canadian Employment Law Today, (437), 3421-3424. Retrieved from ProQuest database. (212227123) Bank’s Failure to Follow Progressive Discipline Justified in Light of Clear Policy; No Disparate Treatment. (2007, June 1). Fair Employment Practice Guidelines, (625), 4-5. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database. (25537303) Beyer, J. M., & Trice, H. M. (1984, December). A Field Study of the Use and Perceived Effects of Discipline in Controlling Work Performance. The Academy of Management Journal, 27(4), 743-764. Retrieved from http://links.jstor.org/sici=0001-4273%28198412%2727%3A4%3C743%3AAFSOTU%E2.0.CO%3B2-R Billikopf, G. (2006, August 11). Discipline and Termination: Labor Management in Ag. Dad, D. (2011, March 16). Progressive Discipline and the tenure clock. Eden, G. (1992). An Oxymoron? Les Presses de l’Universite Laval, 47(3), 511-524. Falcone, Paul. (2000) A blueprint for progressive discipline and terminations. HR Focus. 77(8), 3. Paul Berube v. Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, Inc., No. 08-1229-cv (2d Cir. Oct. 15, 2009), http://www.legale.com. Pinker, S. (2010, February 27). The Great Discipline Dilemma. The Globe and Mail, p. b.17. Retrieved from ProQuest database. (382583397) Progressive Discipline Steps. (2007, August 9). Employee and Labor Relations. Retrieved from Office of the Vice President for Research website: http://www.uiowa.edu The Seven Steps of Just Cause. (2007, February 28). Employee and Labor Relations. Retrieved from Office of the Vice President for Research website: http://www.uiowa.edu Wright, T. (2006, January 23). Fired Worker can sue employer for not following discipline policy. Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly.

What role can and Should HRM play in an organization that is seeking Essay

What role can and Should HRM play in an organization that is seeking to expand its international operations - Essay Example As the individuals working for the company in different locations are likely to come from different cultures, the culture of the company itself can only be established with good HR policies and effective HR management (Hollinshead & Leat, 1995). As defined by Ozbilgin (2005), International HRM is the practice of getting the maximum business value from human assets which are distributed across the world working under the umbrella of a single company. Historically, the cultural differences between the home office and the branch office located in a different country meant that sooner or later HR managers had to face the problem of culture clash which is defined as different cultures affecting work processes and workflow (Faulkner, D. 2002). In the past, these cultural differences were largely ignored and it was thought that the culture of the company would prevail while the culture of the country where the company was located would not matter as much (Kamoche, 1996). However, recent evaluations have shown that culture conflicts might need to be actively countered and could even be used to motivate workers rather than put various managers in conflict (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 1998). With these definitions and with the help of practical examples as well as expert opinions, it can be shown that the role played by HRM in an organisation that is seeking to expand its international operations is a twofold role. Firstly, HRM can help the arms of an organisation (both local and branch offices) come to terms with each other in view of their different cultures. Secondly, HRM can help and should help in creating policies which are localised for international operations. The central cultural difference that exists between the UK and a culture such as China or India comes from the very basis of the culture i.e. language. While the predominant language in the UK is English, it may not be used as the lingua franca in China since it is only learnt as a second language.

Computer R us case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computer R us case study - Assignment Example siness in particular the Computer R Us where as the customer satisfaction deals with the experience of the customer who use the products provided by Computer R Us and services of Complete Care. The division of Computer R us (Complete Care) is recently facing some issues that results in customer dissatisfaction and therefore will lead to an impact on the satisfaction of the customers of Computer R Us that will result is loss of revenues. It is important for the company to take proper measures to adopt effectiveness wit in the operations that will result in customer satisfaction and hence the company will earn above average returns and customer loyalty. The research is quantitative in nature; the tools that will be used are the descriptive analysis, cross tabulation, questionnaire and regression analysis. The research approach is deductive and the analysis method would be running tests on SPSS (statistical analysis tool). Descriptive statistics provides with a descriptive coefficients that are brief, these summarize the given data; these coefficients can either be representation of the defined population or the sample used in the research. The determinants describe the central tendency and the measures of changes/variability or dispersion of the data. The descriptive analysis will give the idea of the means standard deviation of different variables/statistics used in the questionnaire and regression analysis. Cross tabulation is used to identify and compare the relationship between two variables. The cross tabulation will depict the variations of different responses with regards to the frequencies and year of association of customers with the company (Computer R Us). The questionnaire is designed in a way that all the important elements of customer satisfaction and effectiveness of services are covered. The identified elements of Customer Satisfaction selected are: The customer perceived image of the product and service is important. The customer’s

Fundamentals of Information and Information Systems Essay

Fundamentals of Information and Information Systems - Essay Example This report pertains to the current position of Hewlett Packard (HP) Information Systems, its current business problems and the way ahead for this business organization. My first impression at the outset of the ESS Information System (E-Services Solution)group is to point out that this venture may be successful at the outset given the period 1999 until 2000 but it has all the ingredients of becoming a victim of its own success and potentially damaging the work culture of HP with the so called aim of "infecting" the entire spirit.(see Case Study 2000).I would reach such a bleak conclusion for many reasons which I will discuss below but the pith and substance of my analysis as a management consultant is that "small is beautiful" but once it gets large it becomes ugly. And this is true for HP's future if the ESS information system which is under discussion here is allowed to grown into its organizational management and Information System culture. ... And this is true for HP's future if the ESS information system which is under discussion here is allowed to grown into its organizational management and Information System culture. It can be seen that in 1999 alone through the efforts of the ESS Information System,HP has achieved the status as a leading manufacturer of computer products, including printers, servers, workstations, and personal computers and is generating a revenue of $42.4 billion and net income of $3.1 billion.It has over 80,000 employees worldwide and a strong local presence in Silicon Valley and the Bay Area. The problems of HP and the role of ESS.The case study has given us a bird's eyes view of the historical problems with the management strategy of HP as follows. 1. In 1939 Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, found HP and were an instant success with their venture and wanted to pursue their own unique way of doing business: "The HP Way." The evolution of the HP Way began early. Even though their decentralized management information system style was a success in the earlier dealing and by 1957 Hewlett and Packard had their own corporate objectives, underling the "The HP Way" through management strategies like Management By Wandering Around, Management By Objectives, and the Open Door Policy inspired later additions, including Open Communication and Total Quality Control .These practices cannot be seen anywhere today and later on the conservative attitude of the HP information system management with in a decentralized company was more product oriented than customer oriented.(refer to Case Study 2000) 2. At this point HP's corporate software and support division and corporate systems

Pivot Tables Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pivot Tables - Assignment Example Excel also allows you to generate charts from the data in your pivot table which can be very handy in comparisons. Similarly, Pivot Tables are interactive means of summarizing the data, allowing you to add or delete fields in the contingent (summary) tables. This is especially useful when a sample has to be chosen from a specific characteristic of the population which endows various other characteristic as well that are irrelevant. Pivot Tables are also dynamic which can automatically recalculate the data based on addition or elimination of new fields. This feature is really helpful in saving time and effort of the data collector. Pivot tables are also easy to change if the data from original source is changed. As a result, these tables are really important when the changes in data are quick and frequent. These tables can help you to keep your records updated at all times and can be used when the original data keeps on changing. Multiple worksheets are really handy in grouping and summarizing data. A collection of two or more worksheets is called group worksheet. In order to group two or more work sheets, you need to first click the tab of first worksheet, then you press and hold shift key and click the tab of the other worksheet that you want to group.

Ethics and Apprehend Criminals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics and Apprehend Criminals - Research Paper Example On the first argument, the fruit of the forbidden tree doctrine, also known as the exclusionary rule, states that â€Å"not only is the Government precluded from basing a conviction on illegally obtained evidence, but also is forbidden any use of evidence derived solely from the product of the unlawful search and seizure.† (Bartlett, 1967: 251). A usual example of this is confessions extracted through torture. An accused in custody who was subjected to water treatment or psychological duress in order to extract and admission that he committed the crime, when he is subsequently brought to court to be tried, his confession cannot be used to evidence his guilt. It can, however, be used to prove irregularity in his arrest and custody. These are â€Å"procedural safeguards† (Brandsdorfer, 1987: 1082) designed to ensure that constitutional precepts are followed and that a fair trial will be given to the accused. Indeed, even the right of the accused to be given a Miranda warn ing is of such a high value that failure of the policemen to comply with this renders the arrest irregular. No doubt, if the police officer decides to violate the law and ignore the rules on arrest and custody, the courts will afterwards use it to acquit the accused, even though he or she may be guilty of the crime charged. A very powerful criminal who can hire the best lawyers, for example, will be exculpated from the crime and violance he committed because the police officers were careless in the application of the rules. At the end of the day, this renders law enforcement and the criminal justice system inutile in the apprehension of criminals. â€Å"Outrageous Government Conduct† The jurisprudence surrounding entrapment and outrageous government conduct as valid defenses in a criminal prosecution remains to be much discussed, and the debates on whether and when these defenses may be employed remain to be the subject of much debate and controversy. The need to balance the demands of law and order, on the one hand, and the rights of the accused to due process on the other, is the central dilemma that undergirds the debate. The notion that behavior of state agents that â€Å"shocks the conscience† could constitute a violation of the right to due process of the accused and consequently, could secure the dismissal of the charges against him was first laid down in the case of Rochin v. California [342 us 165 (1952)]. In that particular case, the officers forcibly induced the accused to vomit capsules that they believed to be containing drugs.

Evaluate the policies that could be used in the UK to meet inflation Essay

Evaluate the policies that could be used in the UK to meet inflation targets - Essay Example The UK, just like the US and Germany, has a growing workforce, and its wages has also been increasing. The Europe’s unemployment rate was 9.8Â  % in March this year while it was 10.4Â  % last year the same time. In Europe, the lowest unemployment rates in March 2015 were Germany (4.7Â  %) while the highest was Greece (25.7Â  %) (Trending Economics 2015). Demand side Inflation happens when there is a surplus of demand for goods and services over the supply; the supply remains constant. Demand pull inflation involves the rise of inflation as gross domestic product increases. At the same time, the unemployment levels will be expected to fall as witnessed in UK (Thirlwall & Barton 2014). The situation is contributed by the increase in the government expenditure and no change in the tax structure. The rise in income of households is a major contributor of demand for goods and services. The increase in the supply of the money in the country leaves more non-reusable income with the people causing the demand for products and services (Miles 2014). A loose monetary policy can cause the increase in money supply. In addition, inflows from other nations because of export will enhance the money supply. In UK, demand-pull inflation may be attributed to increasing disposable of the citizens. As the levels of income of people go up, the demand to buy things also go up (Willett & Laney 2014). When demand goes up, and supply remains stagnant, prices of goods will go up leading to demand pull inflation. The government must make every effort to ensure that there is a balance between demand and supply to eliminate any case of inflation. When there is a surplus in demand, there should be strategies to ensure that the demand is met expeditiously. Inflation is not good for any country hence the need to maintain it at a low level. Cost push inflation emanates from supply side; the rise in the cost of production and a constant demand causes

Visual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Visual analysis - Essay Example The advertisement is in the most appropriate color palette. Red is the dominant color, which stirs up the piquancy of the paint. It is a vibrant color that gives a fine texture especially with the mixture of grey and black. The blend of color brings an atmosphere of calmness and creativity, which easily sells the brand to customers. The paint clearly uses a balance of color in the cartoon drawings, words and the color of the drink. The black merges well with red, whereas grey and white adds some lure to the advertisement. The shape of the bottle, drawings and the cartoons also give an impression of fine art. They bring a balance of different forms of art that produce a wholly captivating paint. The rhythm of the clouds surrounding the bottle give the feeling that once a person takes the drink, then they will be in a jovial mood occasioned by the positive energy. This advertisement is a paint that aims at marketing Coca-Cola drinks. It is a design that evokes the positive energy that a person can get when they take the drink. The perfection in display is one of a kind, the type of advertisement that makes a person buy something because of the beauty in the advertisement. It is only fair to say that the paint convinces a person to take the drink and get the energy. Still, the drink in the bottle just looks as sweet as the mixture of colors used to paint it. The paint tells people that Coca-Cola is also an energy-drink. People love drinks that are exceptionally good to their health. Thus, it is with no doubt that, the artistic work exhibited in the advertisement gives the idea that it is the most appropriate drink to take and build energy to undertake different activities. This advertisement is visibly a heart-winner and effortlessly influences people into drinking Coca-Cola. However, if they would use a photo of a person taking the drink, it would be more appealing than it is now. The target

What evidence is there to suggest that Hamlet Essay Example for Free

What evidence is there to suggest that Hamlet Essay What evidence is there to suggest that Hamlet would have become a successful leader of Denmark had he survived? In the final scene Forthinbras declares that Hamlet, Was likely, had he been put on, To have proved most royal; By examining traits of Hamlets character and comparing his to the characters of others in positions of power I will discuss whether this statement is correct. In Act 1 Scene 2 Shakespeare shows Hamlet has many leadership qualities. He is kind to Horatio when he tries to make out he is a truant. I would not hear your enemy say so. He has created a strong friendship with Horatio and the guards, Marcellus and Barnardo, respect him even though he has not become King. He can discuss his grief over his fathers death frankly and openly with them. This show of trust for, and respect from, his piers is very important in a prospective leader. Hamlet is bitingly witty when talking of his fathers funeral and mothers wedding. Thrift, thrift, Horatio. The funeral baked meats Did coldly furnish the marriage tables. This not only shows his bitterness but also his sharp intelligence. At other points in the play Hamlets intelligence and wit are shown in his feigned madness. An example of this is when he is ridiculing Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. I am but mad north-north-west. When the wind is southerly, I know a hawk from a handsaw. The meaning of this riddle is clear but Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are clearly bewildered. This shows Hamlets intellectual superiority over his schoolfellows. In Act One Scene Two Hamlet goes on to exhibit his ability to question the men very shrewdly about the sightings of the Ghost. His questions are direct, penetrating and enable him to gain the information he needs. This is emphasised by the short, sharp sentences and the hard f sounds used. Then you saw not his face? What, looked he frowningly? This would be a valuable quality for a leader in a crisis when the details needed to be known. Hamlet is shown to have the positive resolution of a leader here as he determines to watch for the Ghost that night. However he never loses sight of reason by being caught up in the excitement and is still able to reflect on the need for caution. He tells the guards, If you have hitherto concealed this sight, Let it be tenable in your silence still Conversing with the devil goes against the laws of Christianity and so they need to keep the sightings a secret to protect themselves. It is a mark of Hamlets leadership that the men obey him in this. Hamlet is very astute and cannot be easily deceived. He sees through the spies, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, immediately despite their efforts at pleasantry. You were sent for and there is a kind of confession in your looks A lesser person may have trusted them and revealed the whole situation to them but Hamlet does not endanger himself by doing this. He compares them to a sponge that soaks up the kings countenance, his rewards, his authorities. When he needs you what you have gleaned, it is but squeezing you, and, sponge, you shall be dry again. This is a very perceptive and truthful image of the way in which Claudius treats them. Shakespeare provides other examples of leadership within Hamlet to highlight Hamlets own qualities or flaws. An example is Claudius, the current King of Denmark. In contrast to Hamlet he lacks the discerning nature needed in a leader. His failure to grasp the full danger presented by Fortinbras and his advancing army prove fatal to Denmark. Claudius chooses to rely on politics and negotiation to win his wars and so is fooled by the report brought by his ambassadors. It is clear to the audience that Fortinbras has a strong motive for invading Denmark to revenge his fathers murder and the ground that he supposedly fights for in Poland hath in it no profit but the name. Claudius also fails to understand Polonius character and places too much trust on his judgement in state matters. Polonius influence is shown. Thou still hast been the father of good news This misjudgement proves fatal for Claudius because the news Polonius brings of Hamlets madness being that of a distracted lover in Act Two Scene Two is incorrect. Claudius is distracted from taking any steps to remove Hamlet because of this. Hamlets own perceptiveness is shown again in his understanding of Polonius as he aptly describes him as a foolish, prating knave. However Claudius has qualities such as ruthlessness, that make him a good leader, and which, Hamlet is lacking. When Claudius has realised the full threat Hamlet poses to him he has no quibbles about having him sent to his death in England immediately. Hamlet only possesses this strength when he seals the letter to have Rosencrantz and Guildenstern killed. He declares, They are not near my conscience. Claudius has the character of a leader who wants to drink and party in the style of royalty with his people. This may make him popular with some but Hamlet takes this view against Claudius custom, It is a custom More honoured in the breach than in the observance. Hamlet has uptight morals that are fitting for a leader who must set an example to his people. Hamlet understands politics and wants the people of Denmark to be respected by those in other countries and not cleped drunkards as they are under Claudius rule. Hamlet feels a greater responsibility for the reputation of his country than Claudius does and so is more kingly. A quality a political leader shown in both Claudius and Hamlet is their use of language to cover up their true meaning. Hamlet does so in his madness when he produces veiled threats against Claudius in his riddles. Claudius skill is more developed and successful in execution. His opening speech is full of rhetorical artifice; he is contradicting himself but the audience have to listen hard to pick this up. For example he says. With mirth in funeral and with dirge in marriage He is talking about the incest that has occurred in his marrying his dead brothers wife but his eloquent language and smooth, flowing speech hides the meaning well. Shakespeare uses young Fortinbras of Norway as an exact parallel to Hamlets character. His own father has been murdered and his uncle has taken his throne. However Fortinbras is opposite to the reflective, moralising Hamlet. He is a man of umimprovi d mettle hot and full. Fortinbras is uninhibited and can boldly take action to revenge Denmark for his fathers murder. His plan is simple but he easily tricks Claudius and achieves his aim as he takes control of Denmark in the final scene. Shakespeare shows in Act Four Scene Four that he considers Fortinbras direct active response is better then Hamlets reflective one as Fortinbras presence makes Hamlet conscious of his own failings. Now whether it be Beastial oblivion, or some craven scruple Of thinking too precisely on th event- Shakespeare shows how Hamlet moralises over the deed too much and ends up being cowardly. Hamlet cannot match the intrepid delicate and tender price that can lead twenty thousand men to war for the sake of a straw. The presence of Fortinbras causes Hamlet to take up his fight with resolution. My thoughts be bloody or nothing worth. Through the play we see this growth of Hamlets character a progression to what Fortinbras is able to be. Hamlet overcomes his reticence in allowing Claudius to take his throne by asserting his right to it as he declares in Act Five Scene One, . This is I, Hamlet the Dane At this point Hamlet may truly be called royal and worthy of being King. Despite all Hamlets kingly qualities the view of Ophelia in Act Three Scene One must be considered. She believes that through feigning madness Hamlet has destroyed all the virtues he was previously warrant to. Oh what a nobler mind is here oerthrown! This means that Hamlet has disqualified himself from the chance being elected to the throne as he has destroyed his own self. This may be a just argument but we must consider the true extent of Hamlets insanity and believe that Hamlet would be able to return to his intelligent and discerning self after Claudius death. In the final scene Shakespeare shows us that Hamlet couldnt be successful leader of Denmark. He still has not the tenacity to take his revenge. He only kills Claudius in retaliation to an attack upon himself and not because of any merit of his own. This procrastination would be a serious failing in a prospective leader because ruthless decisions and actions would need to be taken without the moralising that Hamlets character exemplifies. His other qualities, though still intact despite the feigned madness, would not compensate for his lack of resolution. Shakespeare highlights this flaw by including the characters of Claudius and Fortinbras who are both ruthless and decisive.

Monetary Policy vs. Fiscal Policy Essay Example for Free

Monetary Policy vs. Fiscal Policy Essay People always struggled with an idea of prosperity and success, whether it was a personal goal or whether it was something major like wealth of a country. Nowadays, we are studying a science, which is really significant and valuable Economics. Economics is a tool for achieving those goals, knowledge that people can use and imply in real life, and at the present time probably undividable part of governments performances around the world. For us, students, there are two different matters we study Macroeconomics, the study of the performance of national economies and Microeconomics, which focuses on the behavior of individual households, firms, and markets. During the fall quarter of 2001, I was exposed to the basic ideas and uses of the Macroeconomics. Macroeconomics policies government actions to improve the performance of the economy are of particular concern to macroeconomists, as the quality of macroeconomic policymaking as a major determinant of a nations economic health. Monetary and Fiscal policies are two policies that we were concentrated on, and were the most significant part of the course for me. There is too much involved in these policies and they interact with each other consistently. I decided to write this paper, summarizing the basic functions of two policies, tried to explain what it is that makes them work, how effective these two policies can be, and how one relates to another. In looking at the effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal policies, it must be understood how the two relate to each other within the government structure. The Federal Open Market Committee FOMC is the most important monetary policy-making body of the Federal Reserve System. It is responsible for the formulation of a policy designed to promote economic growth, full employment, stable prices, and a sustainable pattern of international trade and payments. The seven Board members constitute a majority of the 12-member Federal Open Market Committee, the group that makes the key decisions affecting the cost and availability of money and credit in the economy. The other five members of the FOMC are Reserve Bank presidents, one of who is  the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The Board sets reserve requirements and shares the responsibility with the Reserve Banks for discount rate policy. The FOMC is the policy arm of the Fed and the tasks of the Federal Reserve are to sup ervise banks, fixing maximum rates of interests. The U.S Treasury, though it aids in much of the monetary management, represents the fiscal sector, which is the U.S Congress. Fiscal policy covers, such areas as taxation and other revenue gathering and spending measures. Fiscal policies are those actions that are enacted by the Legislative Branch of the U.S government, the Congress. Their fiscal policies are enacted through the U.S Treasury. Therefore, the Treasury is the arm of fiscal policy and the Federal Reserve is the arm of monetary policy. For example, even if Congress has allocated some amount of money to take over failing banks and savings and loans, and it is not enough, than the Fed can pump capital into the system by buying bank stocks. So, this is example of how the Fed interacts and influences the ups and downs of the economy. In looking at the relationship between the Fed and The Treasury, essentially, the Fed was set up to provide the U.S Treasury with a more satisfactory fiscal agent. In acting as the fiscal agent for the U.S Treasury, or more specifically, as the primary banker for the federal government, the Fed acts as Financial advisor, depository and receiving agent, agent for issuing and retiring treasury securities, agent for other transactions involving purchases and sales of securities for Treasury account, agent for the government in purchasing and gold and foreign exchange, and lender to the Treasury. The Treasury influences monetary and credit conditions as well, through its revenue and expenditure policies, its debt management policies relative to the size and location of its money balance, and so on. As an instrument of monetary management, the Treasury keeps its money balance in cash in the vaults as Treasury deposits at the Federal Reserve, and Treasury deposits at commercial banks. Owing to the degree of Treasury operations, these policies have marked effect on monetary and credit conditions, especially over periods. Ordinarily, the Treasury does not use these powers for intentional and continuous monetary management; this is primarily the function of the Federal Reserve. However, it does try to use its powers in such a way as to avoid creating serious problems for the Federal Reserve, and on occasion, it uses them intentionally to supplement Federal Reserve policies. The following is an example of how this occurs. The Treasury can implement restrictive actions. For example, the Treasury increases it money balance $1 billion by taxing the public or selling securities to the public. When the Treasury cashes the checks, the public loses $1 billion of its deposits. If the Treasury holds these deposits at commercial banks, this is the extent of the effect; the reserve positions of the banks are unaffected. But if the Treasury uses the $1 billion to build up its cash in vault or its deposits at the Federal Reserve, member banks reserves will be reduced by $1 billion. Basically, if we find an increase in the Treasurys money balance, this tends to be restrictive unless the Treasury acquires the extra money by borrowing from the Federal Reserve. If it acquires the money balance by taxing the public or selling securities to it, the publics money supply is directly decreased. If it acquires money by selling securities to commercial banks, the publics money supply is not directly decrease, but the ability of the banks to create deposits for the public is reduced because they must use some their reserves to support the Treasury deposit. However, given the size of any increase in the Treasurys balance, the degree of restrictiveness depends on the form in which it is held. On the other hand, the Treasury can affect monetary policy, by easing restrictions as well. Sometimes the Treasury utilizes liberalizing actions in a positive way to ease credit to supplement Federal Reserve actions. More often, however, it uses them to avoid creating conditions that wo uld make the job of the Federal Reserve more difficult. Given, this information, we can see what the relationship is between the  Federal Reserve and the U.S Treasury. They often complement each other and balance each other out. However, the prime job of the Federal Reserve is to act as the federal government bank, as well as regulating monetary policy, credit regulations, and supervising function of member banks. The U.S Treasury is the element of the government, which collects money from the public, either through the sale of securities or through taxation. The U.S Treasury is that arm of the government, which provides the government with money it needs to operate, which of course is part of fiscal policy operations. The Fed is the bank that the Treasury uses for its banking needs, to be it in the most simplistic terms. *** We were all shocked by tragedy that happened on September 11, 2001. There was a tremendous impact on the entire world by that event. People were heavily affected emotionally same as financially. Many lives were taken by the coward act of those who responsible for such disaster. The US faced a number of consequences followed by many bumps on its way to the future. Unbelievable economic downturn made all sectors of the economy to suffer this impact and force them to make decisions, which they probably didnt thought of. Because Fiscal and Monetary Policy have a straight connection to the several actions taken by the government to stimulate weakened economy, I decided to cover what is going on right now within government structure and briefly explain what people should expect from policymakers, who are doing their best to respond to these obstacles, which we are facing right now, as quick as possible. Considering that todays U.S. economy is already in mild recession and many indicators show it might face the most severe economic downturn since 1970s of the last century, President Bush and his administration called for additional stimulus package for fiscal 2002. Policymakers in Washington are considering a number of actions that could stimulate the economy. Among them the options being considering are tax cuts that could spur consumption or investment, and additional federal spending that could directly increase economic activity. Republicans are the majorities in the House of  Representatives and Democrats, who control the Senate, have very different and opposite visions about ways to stimulate the U.S. economy. Republicans consider that economic growth is generated through investments by businesses, which encouraged by cuts in taxes and tax rates. Democrats support the proposal that stimulates consumer spending such as through tax rebates for low-income, extensions of unemployment insurance, and government spending to promote construction and other infrastructure. A several weeks ago, the House Ways and Means Committee have passed a $100 billion economic stimulus package main part of which 85% for permanent tax cuts, mostly for corporate tax cuts. The major components of this plan are: Elimination of the corporate alternative minimum taxes and refunds AMT credits. This is a most controversial point of the House Republicans proposal. The minimum tax was designed to make profitable companies to pay a basic amount even if they owe no corporate income tax because of some deductions. Democrats support the fairness of this tax cut but disagree with its retroactive method because although these refunds would effectively reduce the tax rate on corporate income but those compensations for the previous investment, not new investment. Permit 30% immediate expensing write-off for purchase of capital assets over the next three years. Reduce the maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain from 20% to 18%. Deductions of net losses from taxes paid up to five years earlier. Republicans argue that all these corporate tax cuts are necessary to encourage businesses to invest more into new capital because businesses would have more income or retained earnings. And as a result it would spur the economy. Democrats disagree. They tell that businesses would not  necessary to invest; some of any tax cuts will be saved or businesses can simply to pay down their debts or to spend them for dividends to their stockholders and maybe only small part would go into new investment. Permanent cut in the former 28% tax cut rate to 25% would be accelerated to 2002. Democrats argue that this tax cut would be more effective if it will be temporary rather than permanent tax cut because this acceleration significantly shorten government revenue in later years and in the long run the government cant afford these rates cuts. Moreover, most of the tax relief would benefit only the top one-quarter of all income tax filers, who are likely to save more and spend less from tax cuts than those who have lower incomes and tend to spend whatever extra income they have. That is why Democrats support the proposal to send additional tax rebates for low-income workers, because the more rebate is spend the more effective it is as a stimulus. Democrats want to freeze marginal tax reduction in previous 39.6 bracket to 38.6% rather to decline it. It would save roughly $100 billion between 2002 and 2011. Democrats have proposed a smaller package with far fewer and temporary tax cuts and significantly more new spending 75% of the stimulus plan. They support the ways that spur consumer spending that has kept the economy afloat such as through tax rebates for lower income workers, expansions of unemployment insurance and government spending for construction and other infrastructure. For instance, temporary changes in the unemployment insurance program or any additional benefits provided would likely be spent and go directly to output. Public capital investments involve direct government purchases of goods and services and therefore directly add demand into economy.

A Film Evaluation V For Vendetta English Literature Essay

A Film Evaluation V For Vendetta English Literature Essay V for Vendetta depicts the message of political action and tells the audience it could soon happen to their government one day if they allow it to take control and not take a stand against their government. There are a lot of scenes throughout this film that depicts this message. The plot of V for Vendetta is an interesting story. The film takes place in Great Britain, which does not have the same form of Government that we do in America. Although it does not have the same government, it exposes lessons about the United States Constitution. Remember, remember the Fifth of November, says a man that goes by the name of V, who is preparing to destroy parliament over the Gunpowder Plot. Director James McTeigue portrays in his film, V for Vendetta, the corruption of Great Britains totalitarian Government and a freedom fighter who is wanting to bring them down. Chancellor Adam Sutler (John Hurt) takes over in power and puts fear into his citizens to make sure that they know who is in charge and that it is they, who can only protect them. Hugo Weaving who plays the main character, V, sends out a message to Londons citizen and tells them to stand up against their Government and to not be afraid. Prior to sending out his message on live television, many killings had occurred with the Doctors who were involved at a detention center that William Rookwood was in before he changed his name to V. He sought revenge for what the Doctors did to him and thousands of other innocent people, and he sought to bring justice back to Great Britain. Along the way of Vs plans, he comes across a young woman, Evey Hammond, walking the streets after curfew and two men decide to attack her for disobeying the rules. Of course V saves her and without realizing it, Evey Hammond will soon become his collaborator. Inspector Finch played by Stephen Rea is assigned by the Chancellor to take V down for the terrorist things he has done and before he does more to panic the Chancellors country. After V took over the television station and footage of him was collected by Inspector Finch, the inspector learned for sure that Evey Hammond and V were working together. Inspector Finch was determined to take down V to save his job. As he tries to take down V, he comes across all these questions and mysteries that Vs actions reveal, and he soon start to question his own countrys Government. Many questions appear, are Vs actions constitutional? Is he or is he not a terrorist? V in general is very controversial. James McTeigue is a director who likes to weave politics into his films. The first thing he portrays in the film is terrorism. In V for Vendetta the first thing audiences will notice is that Vs actions are both like a terrorist and like a freedom fighter fighting for Great Britains freedom from a totalitarian government. Killing high government officials and blowing up historical buildings is an act of a terrorist. When the twin towers in New York was brought down by a group of terrorist, many of the U.S. citizens wanted vengeance for their destruction and we went to war are still currently at war in Iraq, but Vs actions might not be like those terrorists. The Old Bailey is the first building V destroys, and it was where major criminal cases happened in Great Britain. There was no justice in the Old Bailey. The Old Bailey was also a historical building, so blowing up this building meant justice and getting rid of the old regime. Vs actions communicate his beliefs, so his actions also teach us about the First Amendment. Freedom of speech could be applied to V. However, with all rules, there are limits to citizens freedom, so Vs ways of communication may be questionable and not protected by freedom of speech. Another lesson in the film is civil liberties. With Chancellor Adam Sutler in power, he has taken all civil liberties from his citizen and replaced them with fear and allowing the government officials to spy on whomever and whenever they want without a warrant. If this happened to the United States, it would violate the Forth Amendment, which gives the right to privacy. In his message on television, V said, Fear got the best of you, and in your panic you turned to the now high chancellor, Adam Sutler. He promised you order, he promised you peace, and all he demanded in return was your silent, obedient consent. This quote shows that Vs mission is to awaken the London citizens and stand up against this cruel Chancellor and other political officials, and take back the peoples right to privacy and other rights. A third lesson is about cruel and unusual punishment. The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and If the Eighth Amendment was a part of Great Britains Government, then it would be broken by Eveys torture which she thought was by the Government. Evey Hammond is found at Gordons home and is captured for questioning. She never reveals any secrets of V and refuses to give answers. She chose to go through the torture and beatings even though she could have given up at any time. Here is example of cruel and unusual punishment from Eveys imprisonment: Interrogator: I am instructed to inform you that you have been convicted by special tribunal and that unless you are ready to offer your cooperation you are to be executed. Do you understand what Im telling you? Evey Hammond: Yes. Interrogator: Are you ready to cooperate? Evey Hammond: No. Interrogator: Very well. Escort Ms. Hammond back to her cell. Arrange a detail of six men and take her out behind the chemical shed and shoot her. The scenes of Eveys captivity and the scenes of the young woman pictured in the letter that Evey finds in the wall, gives a crucial image of what Londons citizens went through. The United States Eighth Amendment would be broken by these scenes. These scenes make us aware that our own government can soon become a totalitarian government just like In the film, if we the citizens allow the government to take over and let them make our choices, we the people, will suffer cruel and unusual punishment. The final lesson in the movie is the positive thing citizens can do to save the world. Although V was violent, his actions were good because it did a lot to free Londons citizens from a corrupted Government. He inspired people, got them to rise against their government and to not be afraid. V was a man who stood up and never backed down. V was said to be an idea, believing he could make a difference, someone to remember, Remember, remember the Fifth of November. With this line being repeated through the movie, I have learned this line comes from the Bonfire Prayer, which every Fifth of November, the poem is recited and is declared Guy Fawkes day in England. When the day finally came of the explosion of the Gunpowder Plot, V passed away and passed his plan on to Evey allowing her to have the choice of the freedom of the country or to continue suffering in totalitarian government. She chose to continue Vs plan, causing a domino effect. Another scene in the movie is when V creates the d omino image of his symbol and pushes the first domino over. V is the first domino. Then the ripple effect that is created represents everyone. V is every one of us says Evey to Inspector Finch while watching the explosion. The last domino that is standing is Evey, who controls the next ripple effect. This shows that everyone can be a part of something that could make a difference in the world. Not just making a small change but a big change by influencing the people around you, socially and politically. The fact that director McTeigue created this film in England does not mean it is only relating it to the citizens of England because it can also relate to the citizens of the United States. V for Vendetta depict the message of political action and tells the audience it could soon happen to their government one day if they allow them to take control and not take a stand against their government. V teaches that people should not let fear overcome them and they should stand up for their rights and make a change in society. Everyone is a part of change, from a child to a high class government official. There are a lot of scenes throughout this film that depict this message. If people are not loud and do not stand up to the government, the United States could one day turn into a totalitarian government like in V.

Power of Knowledge Essays -- Education

The Power of Knowledge "Knowledge is power. Information is liberating. Education is the premise of every progress." This quote from Kofi Annan, a diplomat of Ghana involved with the United Nations, directly correlates with an overall theme found in Up from Slavery by Booker T. Washington. This autobiography clearly depicts trials and tribulations that confronted Washington, but not one of them is ever noted as anything less than a learning experience. Washington's passion for learning enabled him to surpass boundaries perceived by those who allowed themselves to merely become victims of their circumstances. He looked at the struggles that faced him as opportunities to become a stronger and more confident person. Success did not come easily for this man, but through a series of events and obstacles he was able to create a success all his own. Having an education that is furthered by schooling is important, but Washington's life is proof that the power of knowledge can also be notably attained through makin g the most out of life and all that it has to offer, good or bad. Booker T. Washington's views on education enlighten viewpoints surrounding the controversial topic of placing a higher value on education or experience. As today's society heavily focuses on schooling, it is important to remember that lives are not solely based upon that aspect. A combination of both education and experience are necessary to achieve the highest level of success. Education is a good foundation, but without experience limits are placed on how much a person can achieve. Likewise, without the foundation of education a life full of experiences can be unstable. A common consensus has yet to be agreed upon for this ongoing debate over whether educa... ...s as a testament to how pivotal both schooling and experience are. With a balance of the two, he could best shape all that he knew and all that he had into usable material that would best benefit his life. Works Cited Baym, Nina, Wayne Franklin, Philip F. Gura, and Arnold Krupat. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 7th ed. Vol. C. New York: W. W. Norton &, 2007. Print. Boud, David, and Ruth Cohen. "Experience-based Learning." Understanding Adult Education and Training. By Lee Andresen. 2nd ed. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. 225-239. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. Savery, John R., and Thomas M. Duffy. RLT. Tech. no. 16-01. Indiana University, June 2001. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. . "What Is Experience-based Learning?" Starting Point. Carleton College, 11 Apr. 2012. Web. 22 Apr. 2012. .

Mickey Mantle :: essays research papers

? Questions 1.) How old was Mickey Mantle when he joined the New York Yankees? When Mickey Mantle joined the Yankees in 1952 he was 20 years old. 2.) In what year did Mickey mantle first play in the World Series?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first year Mickey Mantle played in the World Series was in 1956. 3.) In what years did Mickey Mantle win the Triple Crown Award?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1955, Mickey Mantle won the Triple Crown Award and the Most Valuable Player award. 4.) Where and when was Mickey Mantle born?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mickey Mantle was born on October 20 1931 in Spavinaw, Oklahoma. 5.) How many times did Mickey Mantle win The Most Valuable Player award?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mickey mantle won the Most Valuable Player award three times during his career.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapter Summary One of my favorite chapters in this book was chapter fourteen. The name of the chapter is â€Å"The Leader.† â€Å"The Leader† is about how Mickey Mantle became the New York Yankee’s best player and how he took Joe DiMaggio's place on the team. Chapter fourteen is about Mickey Mantle’s tenth season. During that season Mickey Mantle batted .317 and won the Triple Crown Award for the second time in a row. Only a few other players have done that in baseball history. He batted in one hundred and twenty eight runs, two away from his career high of one hundred and thirty. That year he also hit fifty-four home runs, breaking Babe Ruth's record of fifty home runs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book Mickey Mantle was mostly about how Mickey Mantle became a player in Major League Baseball. Mickey Mantle was born on October 20, 1931. His Dad was Elven Mantle. He taught Mickey Mantle how to switch hit and play outfield. His mom was Lovell Mantle. He grew up in Spavinaw, Oklahoma. When he was seventeen he went to play minor league baseball. He played for the Kansas-Missouri League. He signed a contract to play for the Yankees in 1951. It was for 50,000 dollars. Mickey Mantle won five MVP awards during his career. In 1961 he signed a contract with the Yankees for 80,000 dollars. At the time he was the highest paid player in the League.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mickey Mantle,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mister Yankee By Al Silverman Questions ? 6.) How did Mickey Mantles benefit from being a switch hitter his entire career even though he hit .325 right handed and .285 left handed?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If he was up against a left-handed pitcher he could hit right handed; if it was a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  right handed pitcher he could hit left-handed

Interaction of Human Culture and the Environment :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

Interaction of Human Culture and the Environment In the mid 1970's and early 1980's, the field of clinical psychology underwent a revolution with the emergence of family therapy. Therapists initially understood disorders as being the result of a linear chain of causality. For instance, one theory of schizophrenia held that the disorder resulted from exposure to a certain pattern of behavior on the part of the patient's mother. Mothers of schizophrenics were often found to be particularly cold, unresponsive, dominant, and conflict-inducing towards their children. Researchers argued that such "schizophrenogenic" behavior was the direct cause of the disorder. Successful treatment, then, required the patient and mother to examine their relationship and seek out better, more positive methods of interaction. Family therapists, however, then began to realize that the etiology of the disorder was far more complex than simply the mother inducing the disorder within the child. The schizophrenic and the mother were enmeshed within a complex system of interactions both within, as well as outside, the family. Thus, the schizophrenic was affected by both his mother and father, the schizophrenic himself had an impact on his parents, the father and mother affected each other through their marital relationship, and social and cultural norms had an overall impact on all members of the family. Family systems researchers realized that these various relationships were constantly changing, and that each one had a significant effect on the others. Problems within the family were now understood in terms of circular causality rather than linear. For instance, it might very well be true that the schizophrenic's mother is cold, conflict-inducing, and unresponsive towards him. It is also true, however, that t he schizophrenic manifests very bizarre behavior, such as hearing voices, acting on paranoid impulses, hallucinating, and displaying inappropriate (or flat) emotional responses. These behaviors would certainly affect the mother, as she would be stressed and deeply concerned for her child's well being. The mother might also be affected by a strained marital relationship with her husband, which itself might be negatively impacted by the child's schizophrenic behavior. Finally, the family might be negatively affected by the society in which they live, as their neighbors or colleagues might view them as outcasts and purposely isolate them because of their child's inappropriate behavior. Ultimately, this series of negative interactions may result in a feedback loop, in which maladaptive behavior is amplified and the child's schizophrenic behavior worsens.

To Kill a Mockingbird: a Literary Analysis

In the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee tells the reader about the people living in Maycomb County. Throughout the three years we follow these characters; we see how they interact with each other and learn how love and hate are complex emotions. This essay will examine love for family, romantic love, and love for community in order to show how complicated the emotions of love and hate can be. Jem and Scout are growing up in a loving family. Calpurnia is the mother figure to the children. She makes sure both kids are fed and ready for school. She scolds them and watches after them. She takes them to Church and shares the values she has been taught. Atticus is a loving father to Jem and Scout. He always makes time for them. He shares stories with them and helps them to understand the world around them. By helping others in the community and sharing his feelings about understanding others with his children, Atticus is a good role model for Jem and Scout. As siblings, Jem and Scout clearly share a love for each other. They play together, tell each other their secrets and look out for each other. Unfortunately, not all children in Maycomb grow up loved or taught how to love. Mr. Ewell is a mean drunk who does not pay any attention to his family. He does not even make sure that they are fed. He hates people in general and Black people most of all. When he sees his daughter trying to kiss Tom Robinson, he is blinded by hatred and accuses this innocent man of raping her. He is teaching his daughter to hate. As a result, she did not tell the truth in court. Nathan Radley did not show his family love either. Boo has spent his entire life as a prisoner of his own home because his father was overzealous in punishing him for a childhood mistake. Read also  How Powerful Do You Find Atticus Finch’s Closing Speech? He also covers the knot hole with tar when he discovers that Boo has been making contact and developing a friendship with Jem and Scout. However, Boo is not the kind of person to learn hatred. He puts a blanket over Scout’s shoulders when she is watching the fire and he saves Jem and Scout when they are attacked by Mr. Ewell. There are not many examples of romantic love in this book. Although Atticus is very involved in the community, he is single and not dating anyone. We do not learn much about Calpurnia’s home life. One example of romantic love that Harper Lee does provide is with Mayella Ewell. She is abused, lonely and unhappy. She fantasizes about being loved and develops a crush on Tom Robinson. Although they never have any real relationship, the idea of one brings out the racist hate for Blacks and divides the community. It also has terrible consequences for Tom. The second example of romantic love is Mr. Raymond, a white man who married a black woman and has mixed children. Mr. Raymond tells the kids that he pretends to be an alcoholic by carrying around a paper bag with a bottle of Coca-Cola inside. He can see that love is not reserved just for people who look like you and live like you do. Because of the racism in town, Mr. Raymond feels the need to fake and illness to help people understand his choice to marry a black woman. Yet, the people in Maycomb do look out for each other too. For example, the whole town works together to save Miss Maudie’s things when there is a fire in her house. The real problem is that they seem to care about only those people who are like them. In chapter 23, Jem describes four kinds of â€Å"folks† in Maycomb County: â€Å"Our kind of folks don't like the Cunninghams, the Cunninghams don't like the Ewells, and the Ewells hate and despise the colored folks. This attitude in Maycomb means that the people in the community will continue to be divided. Scout understands this and says, â€Å"There's just one kind of folks. Folks. † Harper Lee stresses this point with the incident outside the courthouse. Scout doesn’t comprehend what is going on, so she greets Mr. Cunningham warmly and asks him to say â€Å"hey† to his son for her. This greeting reminds him that they live in a small town and that everybody should get along. He breaks up the lynch group and everybody goes home. In fact, rather than being Cunninghams or Ewells, the majority of the people in town are more like mockingbirds. They live their lives and don’t really do any harm to those around them. Atticus tries to tell the children that loving or hating are not nearly as important as understanding others. On page 39, Atticus explains, â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view – until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. † This simple advice helps to replace simple categories of loving or hating with a one mixed with respect and compassion.